Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. J. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. fINTENSIVE FARMING. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. <i>Results . This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. "National Statistical Abstract. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Jorge Morales Pedraza. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. [7] That is why per hectare yield of crop is . With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. (2013). [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. Title. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. Section D. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). <i>Methods</i>. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. 2. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. . Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). It began with the domestication of crops and animals. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. ", Tables D.4 D.7. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. Search term. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed D. espite the countr. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Textile and apparel manufacturing and equipment. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. Brighter Green, 6. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features.
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