For the ascription of moral responsibility, what is necessary is that alternate possibilities have some role to play in whatever conditions we devise to determine who is responsible and who is not, and why. Although important tactical results undoubtedly can be achieved by a sudden introduction of nuclear weapons, we nevertheless think that the question of the use of the very first available atomic bombs in the Japanese war should be weighed very carefully, not only by military authorities, but by the highest political leadership of this country. Modified Frankfurt-type counterexamples and flickers of freedom. The principle of alternate possibilities and ought implies can.. His music was heavily influenced by Liszt and Wagner, as in his Symphony in D minor, one of his most famous . PubMedGoogle Scholar. Donnelly argues both 'radical' cultural relativism and 'radical' universalism are misguided (1984, 403). Can you cite any examples where R2P has been or should be implemented? In stating that S could have done otherwise, I am endorsing the view (much as I take Frankfurt to have done when formulating PAP) that: It is possible for S to do otherwise insofar as S is both physically and mentally capable of doing otherwise (including being aware of alternate possibilities that he/she (hereafter he) is able to select/perform). In his original article, Frankfurt suggests that a twitch might be used to indicate that Jones is about to decide to do A (as opposed to no twitch for B). In both (1) and (2), S is morally responsible for E in W2 because, within each scenario, S satisfies PAP(s) in W2; and, as we have seen, PAP(s) provides sufficient justification for the ascription of moral responsibility. Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, killing nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs. Underline each predicate nominative in the following sentences. He may have also been fueled by heroic amounts of . Professor Franck On the other hand, it may be argued that without an early demonstration it may prove difficult to obtain adequate support for further intensive development of nucleonics in this country and that thus the time gained by the postponement of an open armaments race will not be properly used. For those unfamiliar with Frankfurts original and much cited counter-example to PAP, it reads as follows: Suppose someone Black, let us say wants Jones to perform a certain action. votes that a representative takes based on a consensus of his or her constituents In other words, there is nothing to be lost in terms of our commitment to understanding the conditions for moral accountability by treating PAP as a sufficient condition, but much to be gained: for not only is PAP(s) impervious to Frankfurt-style counter-examples (as noted) but, perhaps more importantly, it opens up debate on what other factors are likewise sufficient for moral responsibility as the Frankfurt-style scenarios seem to indicate and which, if any, is necessary. Dennett's Luther Argument ("character examples"). PAP(s) is, however, not vulnerable to Frankfurts counter-example, as I shall now demonstrate. Shabo, S. (2011). In the latter case, alternative possibilities are used in a more hypothetical context to assess if S would have been affected by their availability to the point of selecting one of these options should they have been available. the universe, morality, well-ordered laws of nature, etc.). One possible way to introduce nuclear weapons to the world -- which may particularly appeal to those who consider nuclear bombs primarily as a secret weapon developed to help with the present war -- is to use them without warning on appropriately selected objects in Japan. Written in 1531, likely at the beginning of the year, this work stands temporally in the middle of Marpeck's controversy with the Geister. most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? Give an example of where you have seen moment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Erkenntnis, 78, 10371049. One of these bombs could then destroy something like 3 square miles of an urban area. The Journal of Philosophywas founded in 1904 asThe Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methodsby Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. Thus, Jones cannot satisfy (a). The Philosophical Review, 104(2), 247261. Agency without avoidability: defusing a new threat to Frankfurts counterexample strategy. PAP(s) is not vulnerable to Frankfurts or similar counter-examples. In simple terms, Sigmund Freud's theory suggests that human behavior is influenced by unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges. Accumulations of this kind could be rapidly converted into atomic bombs if a nation should break away from international control. It is 980 too many. With the convenience of modern transportation and future innovations to come, Wright asks why proximity to the city is important. Frankfurt, H. (1969). Do you agree that under certain circumstances, R2P should override sovereignty? 1969 Journal of Philosophy, Inc. Obviously believing his adversarys ideas to be impractical and beneficial only to the wealthy, Wright criticizes Le Corbusiers housing towers further, asserting [t]here is no life in them. Igniting the flicker of freedom: revisiting the Frankfurt scenario. Oxford: Blackwell. One might even say that the presence of a counterfactual intervener means that the environment does not enable alternate possibilities; so (b) is not satisfied. It is undoubtedly true that the discovery of flying, for example, has so far brought much more misery than enjoyment and profit to humanity. Where neither is satisfied then S is not morally responsible for performing E. Frankfurt-style scenarios illustrate the condition under which PAP(s) is not satisfied. We believe that our acquaintance with the scientific elements of the situation and prolonged preoccupation with its world-wide political implications, imposes on us the obligation to offer to the Committee some suggestions as to the possible solution of these grave problems. the four top leaders in Congress and the chief justice of the Supreme Court. The id is entirely unconscious, while the ego operates in the conscious mind. Once this is achieved, the large installations and the accumulation of explosive material at present earmarked for potential military use will become available for important peacetime developments, including power production, large engineering undertakings, and mass production of radioactive materials. The first major challenge to this interpretation was advanced in Germany in the 1960s, where the historian Fritz Fischer published a startling new thesis on the origins of the war which threatened to overthrow the existing consensus. The correct option is B. Truman's goal was not to destroy Japanese culture or people but to destroy Japan's ability to wage war. The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. What would have to occur in order for the twin world condition not to be satisfied? It hardly needs stressing that we as scientists believe that any systems of control envisaged should leave as much freedom for the peacetime development of nucleonics as is consistent with the safety of the world. During that year, the international Jean Piaget Society was formed, and the society, as well as Piaget's influence, endure. esponsibility to protect their citizens from atrocious crimesand in 2006 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1674, which commits the Council to protect civilians during armed conflicts. We have to be careful, of course, about how such a description is formally presented. German scientists, in whose discoveries the whole development of this field originated, apparently did not develop it during the war to the same extent to which this has been done in America: but to the last day of the European war, we were living in constant apprehension as to their possible achievements. Why is the prisoner example ultimately not convincing? The Journal of Philosophy was founded in 1904 as The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods by Frederick J. E. Woodbridge and J. McKeen Cattell. His dreams of a certain amount of land for each person have been realized to a point in American suburbs, but many of these bedroom communities lack the amenities on which Wright would have insisted. ArchDaily 2008-2023. In 1932, both described these ideas in The New York Times; in these two articles Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier made their differing beliefs perfectly clear to the public. Many different political ideologies were represented in the Republic, Which statement best explains why many Germans became discontented with the Weimar Republic in the early 1930s-, Germany experienced widespread unemployment and inflated prices. Philosophical Studies, 166, 553573. Ethics, 101(2), 258278. Even if we can retain our leadership in basic knowledge of nucleonics for a certain time by maintaining secrecy as to all results achieved on this and associated Projects, it would be foolish to hope that this can protect us for more than a few years. Therefore, in making suggestions for the postwar organization of nucleonics, a discussion of political problems cannot be avoided. Google Scholar. A Princeton University senior sounded off on "The Ingraham Angle" in response to his op-ed in . Between 1958-1961, he served as a doctor on the staff of renowned missionary and humanitarian Albert Schweitzer in Africa. Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have. Such an agreement would also create a system of verification and disarmament that would prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and reduce the risk of nuclear war. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions After such a demonstration the weapon might perhaps be used against Japan if the sanction of the United Nations (and if public opinion at home) were obtained, perhaps after a preliminary ultimatum to Japan to surrender or at least to evacuate certain regions as an alternative to their total destruction. Believing that this separation would solve both pedestrian safety and automobile traffic concerns, Le Corbusier states that [t]he only solution is to restore to the pedestrian the surface of the city, all the surface, the earth. Believing that the society of his day was not properly utilizing the machines which they had created, and that the current cities were all outdated, the core of Le Corbusiers ideas for Ville Radieuse is epitomized in the description, knowledge, ethics, and esthetics, all are one, expressed in architecture; a new unity.. Typically, we want to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones because he decided to carry out an act that, let us say, we judge to be morally reprehensible. Broadacre City: An Architects Vision Spread Wide and Integrated, It Will Solve the Traffic Problem and Make Life Richer, Says Frank Lloyd Wright was published in The New York Times on March 20, 1932. In this we also provide trending questions which come out of recent recent exams. 22 Ibid, at 124, 126-127. The answer is that all that these advantages can give us is the accumulation of a larger number of bigger and better atomic bombs. The necessity of some role for alternate possibilities does not, however, in and of itself, make necessary the clause that S (or whoever) could have done otherwise. Example 1. Opponents contend, among other arguments, that the bombings were unnecessary to win the war or that they constituted a war crime or genocide. The key aspect of this solution he termed autostrades, elevated motorways 16 feet (4.8 meters) above the pedestrian domain on the ground. Philosophia, 35, 171180. Another argument which could be quoted in favor of using atomic bombs as soon as they are available is that so much taxpayers' money has been invested in these Projects that the Congress and the American public will demand a return for their money. Third parties promote the concerns of special-interest groups. The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. . Question 38 options: Then, underline twice the verb in parentheses that agrees in number with the collective noun. the leaders of organizations within the Executive Office of the President. Black is prepared to go to considerable lengths to get his way, but he prefers to avoid showing his hand unnecessarily. Most arguments for God's existence start from something we observe in the world that logically infer God as the cause of these observable effects (e.g. Pereboom, D. (2009). Slider with three articles shown per slide. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? Does libertarian freedom require alternate possibilities? Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 41(4), 505522. here our team solve your academic problems daily. Leon, F., & Tognazzini, N. A. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem- The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. In the past, science has often been able to provide also new methods of protection against new weapons of aggression it made possible, but it cannot promise such efficient protection against the destructive use of nuclear power. What are they supposed to show, according to Dennett? We can allow that clauses (a) and (b) are violated because such violation does not negate the possibility that Jones is nevertheless morally responsible for his action: for some other condition (as yet to be identified) could exist that is sufficient to justify the claim that Jones is morally responsible, even though he could not have done other than he did. In contrast once again to Le Corbusier, Wright predicts that [t]he traffic problem will be solved as architecture. When discussing alternate possibilities, then, the notion of alternate possibilities should be understood to mean that there is at least one alternate possibility that is considered morally praiseworthy, or at the very least not immoral. Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument for an international agreement would likely argue that nuclear weapons pose a global threat that cannot be addressed by individual states alone. The superego operates both unconsciously and . Obviously, no time should be lost in inaugurating a study of this problem by experts. editors. in 1953. The scientific facts on which construction is based are well known to scientists of other countries. Given mutual trust and willingness on all sides to give up a certain part of their sovereign rights, by admitting international control of certain phases of national economy, the control could be exercised (alternatively or simultaneously) on two different levels. Fischer, J. M. (1994). England, France and the smaller nations of the European continent, with their congeries of people and industries would be in a particularly desperate situation in the face of such a threat. Request Permissions. Explain why the objections doesn't seem to work. . Despite the intricacies of some of these continuing debates, focus remains on PAP as a necessary condition for moral responsibility. Neither architect lived to see their vision come true, but both were right about some aspects of their future, todays present. It may be very difficult to persuade the world that a nation which was capable of secretly preparing and suddenly releasing a new weapon, as indiscriminately as the rocket bomb and a thousand times more destructive, is to be trusted in its proclaimed desire of having such weapons abolished by international agreement. We cannot simply say that S is morally responsible because he decided to do E and then did E (hereafter, doing E includes deciding to do E). The power lines damagedbythestorm\underline{\text{damaged by the storm}}damagedbythestorm needed repairs. I follow this with a discussion on how PAP(s) is able to withstand the challenge set by Frankfurt-style scenarios, before moving on to consider a further sufficient condition for moral responsibility.

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